Sorghum production in nine Sub-Saharan African countries
Countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
Introduction
Sorghum is crucially important to food security in Africa as it is a drought resistant crop and can withstand periods of high temperature. Sorghum in Africa is processed into a very wide variety of attractive and nutritious traditional foods, such as semi-leavened bread, couscous, dumplings and fermented and non-fermented porridges. It is the grain of choice for brewing traditional African beers.
This crop is quantitatively the world’s fifth most important cereal grain, after wheat, maize, rice and barley. World annual sorghum production was 58.7 Mton in 2020, of which Africa produced about 27.5 Mton in this year. This makes sorghum, quantitatively the second most important cereal grain in Africa after maize. Harvested from an area of 27.3 Mha in the semi-arid regions of Africa sorghum contributes 21.5% area to cereal production (FAOSTAT, 2022). Around 56.7 percent of all sorghum lands in Africa are located in the ten sub-Sahara African countries listed (Table 1).
| Table 1. Annual sorghum harvest area in sub-Saharan Africa | ||
| Country | Annual sorghum harvest area (1000 ha)* | Percentage of total sorghum lands in Africa |
| Burkina Faso | 1751 | 6.2 |
| Ethiopia | 1847 | 6.6 |
| Ghana | 260 | 0.9 |
| Kenya | 214 | 0.8 |
| Mali | 1562 | 5.6 |
| Niger | 3693 | 13.2 |
| Nigeria | 5560 | 19.8 |
| Uganda | 297 | 1.1 |
| Tanzania | 699 | 2.5 |
| Total | 15883 | 56.7 |
| * The data are from FAOSTAT for the period from 2015 to 2020 | ||
The crop model
The Python Crop Simulation Environment of WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) was used for the implementation (https://pcse.readthedocs.io/en/stable/). This model takes into account phenological development, leaf development, light interception, CO2 assimilation, root growth, transpiration, respiration and partitioning of assimilates (de Wit et al., 2019). Daily weather data, crop parameters, soil parameters, and management data are needed to run the model and simulate water-limited potential yield (Yw). The source of different data to do the simulations for each country were presented in Table 2.
| Table 2. Sources of data to simulate rainfed sorghum potential yield and for calculating the yield gap. Note: GYGA CA = GYGA country agronomist | |||||
| Country | Sowing window | Daily weather data | Cultivar thermal time requirment** | Soil data | Actual yield |
| Burkina Faso | GYGA CA | Propagated data* | calculated | AFSIS*** | National Statistical database |
| Ethiopia | GYGA CA | Measured and Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Ghana | GYGA CA | Measured and Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Kenya | GYGA CA | Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Mali | GYGA CA | Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Niger | GYGA CA | Measured and Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Nigeria | GYGA CA | Measured and Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Tanzania | GYGA CA | Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| Uganda | GYGA CA | Propagated data | calculated | AFSIS | GYGA CA |
| * Details are in Van Wart et al. (2015) ** Calculated based on the sowing, flowering and maturity timing information from the GYGA country agronomist using weather data and cardinal temperatures *** AFrica Soil Information Service (Leenaars J.G.B., 2018) | |||||
Reference weather stations
The simulation was performed for 86 weather stations in sub-Saharan Africa (Table 3). These were identified as reference weather stations for sorghum in SSA countries based on the GYGA protocol (https://www.yieldgap.org/web/guest/methods-overview). SPAM (Spatial Production Allocation Model; https://www.mapspam.info/) maps, together with expert knowledge from agronomists and experts from these countries, were used to identify the sorghum harvested area (You et al., 2009, 2014). Following van Bussel et al (2015), a total of 87 buffer zones were selected for rainfed sorghum in SSA countries (Table 3, Fig. 1)
Figure 1. The location of the reference weather stations for rainfed sorghum in sub-Saharan African countries
Weather data
Weather data used in simulation included daily solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed. Weather data for selected weather stations were subjected to quality control measures to fill in missing data and identify and correct erroneous values. In the case of those stations with only few years of weather data (Table 3), long-term weather data were generated based on correlations between measured weather data and NASA-POWER maximum and minimum temperatures (Van Wart et al., 2015). In the case of solar radiation and rainfall, the data from NASA-POWER were used without any correction (NASA, 2022). In the case of buffers without measure weather data at all, named the virtual stations (Table 3), uncorrected NASA-POWER data were used for all meteorological variables needed for crop modeling.
Soil information
Soil data was obtained from the AFSIS[1] (Leenaars J.G.B., 2018). Soil moisture content at field capacity, soil moisture content at wilting point, not infiltrating fraction of rainfall, initial soil water, and maximum rootable depth of the soil were obtained as soil parameters for each weather station.
Management data
The simulations were done under water-limited conditions with no limitation for nutrients. So, the sowing date within the buffers of the weather stations was the main management input data needed to run the model. For this purpose, the common sowing windows of sorghum for each buffer were retrieved through agronomists from the countries (Fig. 2). These sowing windows and an algorithm were used to estimate the sowing date for each year for each weather station. The algorithm calculates the amount of cumulative rainfall for seven consecutive days into the sowing window. The last day of this period resulting in more than 20 millimeter cumulative rainfall was considered as the sowing date. If there was no consecutive seven days with at least 20 millimeter rainfall into the sowing window, the last day of the sowing window was assumed the sowing date.
Crop parameters
The crop parameters consist of parameter names and the corresponding parameter values that are needed to parameterize the components of the crop simulation model. These are crop-specific values regarding phenology, assimilation, respiration, biomass partitioning, etc. The same crop parameters were used for the simulations in all the weather stations except the parameters for phenology. The phenological parameters including the thermal time requirement from emergence to flowering and from flowering to harvesting were calculated based on the observed data for sowing, emergence, flowering and harvesting using the cardinal temperature and weather data at each weather station (Table 3).
Figure 2. The sowing window to plant rainfed sorghum at the weather stations in sub-Saharan African countries; The name and information of each station are presented in Table 3.
| Sowing window | Thermal time requirement** | |||||||||||
| Country | Station name | Station ID* | Longitude | Latitude | Elev | Cropping system | Water regime | Cropcycle | Start | End | From emergence to flowering | From flowering to maturity |
| Mali | Bougouni | 2000000 | -7.5 | 11.42 | 344 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 14-Jun | 29-Jul | 850 | 750 |
| Mali | Dagdag | 2000001 | -11.4 | 14.48 | 47 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jul | 31-Jul | 850 | 850 |
| Mali | Hombori | 2000002 | -1.68 | 15.33 | 288 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jul | 15-Aug | 800 | 840 |
| Mali | Koutiala | 2000003 | -5.47 | 12.38 | 367 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-Jun | 15-Jul | 950 | 950 |
| Mali | Mopti | 2000004 | -4.1 | 14.52 | 272 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jul | 31-Jul | 800 | 840 |
| Mali | Nara | 2000005 | -7.28 | 15.17 | 265 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jul | 31-Jul | 800 | 840 |
| Mali | Segou | 2000008 | -6.15 | 13.4 | 289 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-Jun | 10-Jul | 800 | 800 |
| Mali | Senou | 2000009 | -7.95 | 12.53 | 381 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-Jun | 15-Jul | 950 | 950 |
| Mali | Sikasso | 2000010 | -5.68 | 11.35 | 375 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-May | 10-Jun | 950 | 950 |
| Niger | Maradi | 3000011 | 7.08 | 13.47 | 373 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 1400 | 550 |
| Niger | Maradi | 3000011 | 7.08 | 13.47 | 373 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 1000 | 550 |
| Niger | Zinder | 3000015 | 8.98 | 13.78 | 453 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 1400 | 600 |
| Niger | Zinder | 3000015 | 8.98 | 13.78 | 453 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 1000 | 600 |
| Burkina Faso | Bobodioulasso | 4000000 | -4.32 | 11.17 | 445 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 15-Jul | 910 | 900 |
| Burkina Faso | Bogande | 4000001 | -0.14 | 12.97 | 281 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Jun | 15-Jul | 930 | 920 |
| Burkina Faso | Boromo | 4000002 | -2.93 | 11.75 | 243 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-Jun | 15-Jul | 670 | 550 |
| Burkina Faso | Dedougou | 4000003 | -3.48 | 12.47 | 299 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 670 | 550 |
| Burkina Faso | Fadangourma | 4000004 | 0.37 | 12.03 | 294 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 930 | 920 |
| Burkina Faso | Gaoua | 4000005 | -3.18 | 10.33 | 339 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 20-Jul | 910 | 900 |
| Burkina Faso | Ouahigouya | 4000007 | -2.42 | 13.57 | 315 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 20-Jul | 840 | 800 |
| Burkina Faso | Po | 4000008 | -1.15 | 11.15 | 322 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 860 | 870 |
| Burkina Faso | Dori | 4000009 | -0.03 | 14.03 | 282 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jul | 30-Jul | 670 | 570 |
| Ethiopia | Assosa | 5000006 | 34.52 | 10.07 | 1419 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 700 | 720 |
| Ethiopia | Ayira | 5000007 | 35.33 | 9.06 | 1700 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 15-Jun | 800 | 830 |
| Ethiopia | Bahirdar | 5000008 | 37.38 | 11.58 | 1790 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-May | 15-Jun | 580 | 510 |
| Ethiopia | Butajira | 5000010 | 38.22 | 8.08 | 3252 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 10-Apr | 09-May | 560 | 510 |
| Ethiopia | Gelemso | 5000016 | 40.525 | 8.809 | 1810 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 750 | 800 |
| Ethiopia | Gondar | 5000017 | 37.4715 | 12.59 | 2052 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 14-Jun | 590 | 510 |
| Ethiopia | Gore | 5000018 | 35.53 | 8.02 | 1880 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 660 | 660 |
| Ethiopia | Haramaya | 5000019 | 42.03 | 9.4 | 2029 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 600 | 540 |
| Ethiopia | Harar | 5000020 | 42.1 | 9.31 | 1961 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 680 | 660 |
| Ethiopia | Jijiga | 5000021 | 43.5 | 9.02 | 1534 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 680 | 660 |
| Ethiopia | Kobo | 5000023 | 39.63 | 12.15 | 1500 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 16-Jun | 15-Jul | 770 | 710 |
| Ethiopia | Kombolacha | 5000024 | 39.72 | 11.1 | 1840 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 680 | 640 |
| Ethiopia | Melkassa | 5000027 | 39.33 | 8.4 | 1550 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Apr | 14-May | 710 | 630 |
| Ethiopia | Nekemte | 5000029 | 36.54 | 9.09 | 2110 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 13-Jun | 630 | 560 |
| Ethiopia | Pawe | 5000030 | 36.403 | 11.31 | 1100 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 16-Apr | 15-May | 950 | 950 |
| Ethiopia | Shambu | 5000031 | 37.1212 | 9.57117 | 2367 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 16-Apr | 15-May | 540 | 620 |
| Ethiopia | Shireendasilasse | 5000033 | 38.334 | 14.1 | 1920 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 600 | 410 |
| Ethiopia | Woliso | 5000035 | 37.97 | 8.55 | 2060 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 740 | 740 |
| Ethiopia | Wolkite | 5000036 | 37.78 | 8.27 | 1880 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 880 | 980 |
| Ethiopia | eth_rfso3 | 5000123 | 40.72 | 8.43 | 1082 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 25-Mar | 24-Apr | 630 | 560 |
| Nigeria | Bida | 6000004 | 6.02 | 9.1 | 143 | Melon–sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1120 | 1370 |
| Nigeria | Kaduna | 6000005 | 7.45 | 10.6 | 642 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Jun | 15-Jul | 930 | 1030 |
| Nigeria | Makurdi | 6000008 | 8.62 | 7.68 | 97 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1220 | 1370 |
| Nigeria | Bauchi | 6000016 | 9.82 | 10.28 | 609 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1150 | 1270 |
| Nigeria | Gusau | 6000021 | 6.7 | 12.17 | 469 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 770 | 770 |
| Nigeria | Ibi | 6000022 | 9.75 | 8.18 | 111 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1020 | 1170 |
| Nigeria | Kano | 6000025 | 8.53 | 12.05 | 481 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 15-Jun | 1120 | 1070 |
| Nigeria | Katsina | 6000026 | 7.62 | 13.02 | 427 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-May | 31-May | 1040 | 1170 |
| Nigeria | Maidu | 6000028 | 13.08 | 11.85 | 354 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 850 | 850 |
| Nigeria | Nguru | 6000032 | 10.47 | 12.88 | 344 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 870 | 870 |
| Nigeria | Sokoto | 6000037 | 5.25 | 13.02 | 302 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1120 | 1200 |
| Nigeria | Yelwa | 6000040 | 4.75 | 10.88 | 243 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1220 | 1370 |
| Nigeria | nig_rfso2 | 6000109 | 10.38 | 12.03 | 371 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 830 | 770 |
| Nigeria | nig_rfso3 | 6000110 | 8.36 | 11.79 | 470 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 15-Jun | 920 | 1000 |
| Nigeria | nig_rfso6 | 6000113 | 4.65 | 10.04 | 160 | Melon-sorghum, | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 30-Jun | 1220 | 1370 |
| Ghana | Bolgatanga | 7000000 | -0.87 | 10.8 | 180 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 15-Jun | 1240 | 1230 |
| Ghana | Wa | 7000006 | -2.5 | 10.07 | 323 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-May | 15-Jun | 1130 | 1120 |
| Ghana | Yendi | 7000007 | 0 | 9.43 | 197 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jun | 15-Jul | 1000 | 880 |
| Kenya | Dagoretti | 9000000 | 36.45 | -1.24 | 1436 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 440 | 310 |
| Kenya | Embu | 9000001 | 37.58 | -0.49 | 1350 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 31-Jan | 28-Feb | 800 | 670 |
| Kenya | Kakamega | 9000003 | 34.46 | 0.17 | 1399 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 530 | 400 |
| Kenya | Kericho | 9000005 | 35.16 | -0.22 | 1356 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 700 | 780 |
| Kenya | Kisii | 9000006 | 34.79 | -0.68 | 1734 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 560 | 420 |
| Kenya | Kisumu | 9000007 | 34.73 | -0.07 | 1146 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 700 | 510 |
| Kenya | Kitale | 9000008 | 34.96 | 0.97 | 1850 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 850 | 1000 |
| Kenya | Nakuru | 9000012 | 36.6 | -0.16 | 2557 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Feb | 15-Mar | 700 | 1000 |
| Kenya | Eldoret | 9000015 | 35.3 | 0.48 | 2120 | Single: sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Mar | 01-Apr | 670 | 700 |
| Uganda | Arua | 10000000 | 30.92 | 3.05 | 1211 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Apr | 15-May | 720 | 560 |
| Uganda | Arua | 10000000 | 30.92 | 3.05 | 1211 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 650 | 550 |
| Uganda | Gulu | 10000004 | 32.28 | 2.78 | 1105 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 720 | 640 |
| Uganda | Gulu | 10000004 | 32.28 | 2.78 | 1105 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Jul | 15-Aug | 680 | 610 |
| Uganda | Jinja | 10000005 | 33.18 | 0.51 | 1173 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 670 | 540 |
| Uganda | Jinja | 10000005 | 33.18 | 0.51 | 1173 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 670 | 540 |
| Uganda | Kabale | 10000006 | 30.01 | -1.24 | 1869 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 600 | 480 |
| Uganda | Kabale | 10000006 | 30.01 | -1.24 | 1869 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 510 | 390 |
| Uganda | kitgum | 10000010 | 32.89 | 3.28 | 953 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Apr | 30-Apr | 750 | 650 |
| Uganda | kitgum | 10000010 | 32.89 | 3.28 | 953 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Jul | 15-Aug | 710 | 650 |
| Uganda | Makerere | 10000012 | 32.63 | 0.34 | 1240 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 650 | 510 |
| Uganda | Makerere | 10000012 | 32.63 | 0.34 | 1240 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 650 | 510 |
| Uganda | Masindi | 10000013 | 31.72 | 1.68 | 1147 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 730 | 600 |
| Uganda | Masindi | 10000013 | 31.72 | 1.68 | 1147 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 680 | 560 |
| Uganda | Mbarara | 10000014 | 30.68 | -0.6 | 1402 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 600 | 480 |
| Uganda | Mbarara | 10000014 | 30.68 | -0.6 | 1402 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 600 | 450 |
| Uganda | Namulonge | 10000015 | 32.62 | 0.53 | 1160 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 670 | 540 |
| Uganda | Namulonge | 10000015 | 32.62 | 0.53 | 1160 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 670 | 540 |
| Uganda | Soroti | 10000016 | 33.62 | 1.72 | 1123 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 680 | 600 |
| Uganda | Soroti | 10000016 | 33.62 | 1.72 | 1123 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 660 | 600 |
| Uganda | Tororo | 10000017 | 34.17 | 0.68 | 1171 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 700 | 600 |
| Uganda | Tororo | 10000017 | 34.17 | 0.68 | 1171 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 660 | 610 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso1 | 10000107 | 32.07 | 2.59 | 1011 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 720 | 640 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso1 | 10000107 | 32.07 | 2.59 | 1011 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 680 | 610 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso2 | 10000108 | 31.23 | 3.06 | 706 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Apr | 15-May | 720 | 640 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso2 | 10000108 | 31.23 | 3.06 | 706 | Sorghum-Beans | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 680 | 610 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso3 | 10000109 | 31.88 | 1.99 | 1007 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 1 | 15-Mar | 15-Apr | 680 | 600 |
| Uganda | uga_rfso3 | 10000109 | 31.88 | 1.99 | 1007 | Sorghum-Pigeon pea | Rainfed | 2 | 15-Aug | 15-Sep | 660 | 600 |
| Tanzania | Dodoma | 11000002 | 35.77 | -6.17 | 1120 | Sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 21-Dec | 15-Jan | 720 | 450 |
| Tanzania | Morogoro | 11000006 | 37.65 | -6.82 | 526 | Sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 26-Jan | 24-Feb | 720 | 450 |
| Tanzania | Shinyanga | 11000009 | 33.43 | -3.67 | 1126 | Sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 05-Jan | 03-Feb | 720 | 450 |
| Tanzania | tan_rfmz1 | 11000108 | 33.62 | -2.69 | 1213 | Double sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 03-Nov | 25-Nov | 760 | 550 |
| Tanzania | tan_rfmz1 | 11000108 | 33.62 | -2.69 | 1213 | Double sorghum | Rainfed | 2 | 02-Feb | 25-Feb | 760 | 550 |
| Tanzania | tan_rfso5 | 11000122 | 36.28 | -5.56 | 1227 | Sorghum | Rainfed | 1 | 01-Jan | 30-Jan | 720 | 450 |
| * If the last three numbers of a station ID is more than or equal to 100, the station is as a virtual station | ||||||||||||
| ** The cardinal temperatures to calculate the thermal time for millet are 10◦C as the base temperature, 27◦C as the lower optimum temperature, 35◦C as the upper optimum temperature and 45◦C as the ceiling temperature. | ||||||||||||
Reference
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[1] AFrica Soil Information Service
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